Our teeth consist of three layers – the outermost is the enamel, and the underlying two layers are the dentine and the pulp. The enamel is a mineralized tissue that makes it very strong and durable. It is also highly resistant to the attack of harmful bacteria that cause cavities and gum inflammation.

The underlying dentin and pulp are softer than enamel. The pulp, the deepest layer, is rich in blood vessels and nerves. When oral hygiene is neglected, a layer of food and bacterial debris – called plaque – forms on the teeth. Over time, this plaque hardens and becomes calculus (tartar).

Both plaque and calculus create an ideal environment for harmful bacteria. These bacteria use sugars from plaque as food and release acids that weaken enamel. As enamel breaks down, the softer dentin and pulp become exposed. At this stage, dental fillings are needed to restore the tooth structure and protect it from further damage.

Fillings may be required for several reasons, including:

• Cavities caused by poor oral hygiene.
• Fractured or chipped teeth that affect appearance or function.
• Congenitally misshapen or crooked teeth.
• Masking of permanent stains on teeth.

After a thorough dental examination, your dentist will recommend the best type of filling to restore your teeth.

1. Temporary Fillings
These are used for short-term restoration, especially during multi-step procedures like root canals. Once treatment is complete, the temporary filling is replaced with a permanent one.

2. Composite (Tooth-Colored) Fillings
These fillings consist of an organic polymer and an inorganic filler. The polymer provides esthetic properties, while the filler improves hardness and stability.
Benefits of composite fillings:

• Bond directly to the tooth with adhesive.
• Require minimal removal of healthy tooth structure.
• Shade can be precisely matched to your natural teeth.
• Can be repaired if fractured, chipped, or stained.

3. Glass Ionomer Fillings
These are semi-permanent fillings that bond directly to teeth and release fluoride, which helps harden enamel and prevent future cavities.

Your dentist will recommend a suitable filling based on:

• Extent of tooth damage: Small to medium cavities are often treated with direct fillings. Extensive damage may require a crown for added support.
• Location of the tooth: Front teeth need aesthetic blending; back teeth require stronger materials due to chewing forces.
• Personal needs and goals: Whether esthetic concerns or long-term durability are most important.

With proper care—including brushing, flossing, and regular dental checkups—modern fillings can last between 5 to 10 years or more. High-quality materials and experienced dental care can significantly extend their lifespan.